Comparación termodinámica del ciclo Otto ideal y real en vehículos livianos urbanos: Revisión sistemática

Hernán Darío Herrera Contreras; Milton Bautista-Romero; Alex Moncayo-Condo; Nexar Barreto-Anchundia; Darwin Chele-Sancan

doi:10.37431/conectividad.v7i2.550

Authors

Hernán Darío Herrera Contreras Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3811-2796
Milton Bautista-Romero Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-4930
Alex Moncayo-Condo Instituto Superior Tecnológico Ciudad de Valencia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6485-9920
Nexar Barreto-Anchundia Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9167-3794
Darwin Chele-Sancan Universidad Internacional del Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-2713

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37431/conectividad.v7i2.550

Keywords:

Otto cycle, Fuel consumption, Engine efficiency, Emissions, Thermodynamics, Urban vehicles

Abstract

The Otto cycle is basic thermodynamic model for spark-ignition engines. The difference between the performance of the ideal-cycle and that of the engine determines the efficiency, fuel consumption, and emissions of the light-duty vehicle fleet, with the magnitude of this difference depending on operating conditions in Latin America. The objective was to synthesize the literature comparing these two-perfomance metrics in light-duty urban vehicles published between 2019 and 2025, with a regional focus. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA, and the risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I. The heterogeneity of the corpus precluded statistical aggregation; therefore, the synthesis was a structured narrative. The 15 included sources attribute the gap to process irreversibilities, particularly heat and friction losses. The documented strategies to reduce this gap-increasing the compression ratio and modifying the combustion chamber geometry-report increases in power and torque along with decreases in fuel consumption and in CO and HC emissions. The regional agenda follows local priorities: small-displacement engines predominate in Ecuador, while biofuels are the focus in Brazil. Optimizing vehicle performance in the region requires tailoring each intervention to the actual operating conditions of each country.

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