Comparación termodinámica del ciclo Otto ideal y real en vehículos livianos urbanos: Revisión sistemática

Hernán Darío Herrera Contreras; Milton Bautista-Romero; Alex Moncayo-Condo; Nexar Barreto-Anchundia; Darwin Chele-Sancan

doi:10.37431/conectividad.v7i2.550

Autores/as

Hernán Darío Herrera Contreras Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3811-2796
Milton Bautista-Romero Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-4930
Alex Moncayo-Condo Instituto Superior Tecnologico Ciudad de Valencia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6485-9920
Nexar Barreto-Anchundia Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9167-3794
Darwin Chele-Sancan Universidad Internacional del Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-2713

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37431/conectividad.v7i2.550

Palabras clave:

Ciclo Otto, Consumo de combustible, Eficiencia del motor, Emisiones, Termodinámica, Vehículos urbanos

Resumen

El ciclo Otto es el modelo termodinámico base de los motores de encendido por chispa. La diferencia entre el rendimiento del ciclo ideal y el del motor real condiciona la eficiencia, el consumo y las emisiones del parque vehicular ligero, con una magnitud dependiente de las condiciones de operación latinoamericanas. El objetivo fue sintetizar la literatura que compara ambos rendimientos en vehículos urbanos ligeros entre 2019 y 2025, con énfasis regional. Se aplicó una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA y el riesgo de sesgo se evaluó mediante ROBINS-I. La heterogeneidad del corpus impidió la agregación estadística, por lo que la síntesis fue narrativa estructurada. Las 15 fuentes incluidas atribuyen la brecha a las irreversibilidades del proceso, sobre todo a las pérdidas de calor y fricción. Las estrategias documentadas para reducirla —aumento de la relación de compresión y modificación de la geometría de la cámara— reportan incrementos de potencia y par junto con disminuciones del consumo y de las emisiones de CO y HC. La agenda regional sigue prioridades locales: en Ecuador predominan los motores de pequeña cilindrada y en Brasil los biocombustibles. Optimizar el rendimiento vehicular exige calibrar cada intervención según las condiciones reales de operación de cada país.

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